Above and below expected
A robust line fitted across all countries; residuals show who sits above or below it. Descriptive statistical deviation, not a causal judgement.
A robust line fitted across all countries; residuals show who sits above or below it. Descriptive statistical deviation, not a causal judgement.
Scatter of Life expectancy against GDP per capita (PPP) for 203 countries.
Countries above the fitted line have a higher value than the cross-country relationship would suggest for their x; below, a lower one. Correlation does not imply causation. These are descriptive cross-sectional statistics.
A robust line (Theil–Sen: median of pairwise slopes; or ordinary least squares) is fitted across countries for the chosen year, y on x (x on a log10 scale when the indicator spans orders of magnitude). Each country's residual is its value minus the fitted value at its x; residual_z divides the residual by 1.4826 × MAD of all residuals. 'Above' and 'below' describe position relative to the fitted line for that year only — a descriptive cross-sectional deviation, not a causal or normative judgement.
Descriptive statistical deviation, not a causal judgement.